Python的matplotlib可以满足我们大部分可视化需求。年纪越来越大，记忆力不如以前了，记录下常用的一些操作。
Simple plot
Using defaults
全部采取默认，不设置其他参数。
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
X=np.arange(-np.pi,np.pi,0.01)
C,S=np.cos(X),np.sin(X)
plt.plot(X,C,X,S)
plt.show()
效果如下图所示
Instantiating defaults
plt.figure：设置图片尺寸、像素
plt.plot：设置图形颜色、线条宽度、线条风格
plt.xticks、plt.yticks：设置x、y轴的刻度值
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.figure(figsize=(8,6),dpi=80)
plt.subplot(111)
X=np.linspace(-np.pi,np.pi,256,endpoint=True)
C,S=np.cos(X),np.sin(X)
plt.plot(X,C,color='blue',linewidth=1.0,linestyle='-')
plt.plot(X,S,color='green',linewidth=1.0,linestyle='-')
plt.xlim(-4.0,4.0)
plt.xticks(np.linspace(-4,4,9,endpoint=True))
plt.ylim(-1.0,1.0)
plt.yticks(np.linspace(-1,1,5,endpoint=True))
plt.show()
效果如下图所示
Changing colors and line widths
通过color和linewidth来改变颜色和宽度
...
plt.figure(figsize=(10,6),dpi=80)
plt.plot(C,color='blue',linewidth=4.5,linestyle='-')
plt.plot(S,color='red',linewidth=4.5,linestyle='-')
...
效果如下图所示
Setting limits
plt.xlim、plt.ylim：控制x、y轴的范围
...
plt.xlim(X.min()*1.1,X.max()*1.1)
plt.ylim(C.min()*1.1,C.max()*1.1)
...
效果如下图所示
Setting ticks
改变x、y轴的实例
...
plt.xticks([-np.pi,-np.pi/2,0,np.pi/2,np.pi])
plt.yticks([-1,0,+1])
...
效果如下图所示
Setting tick labels
plt.xticks和plt.yticks在修改刻度的同时，也可以修改刻度显示值，只需后面再加一个list，可以使用LaTex表示
...
plt.xticks([-np.pi,-np.pi/2,0,np.pi/2,np.pi],[r'$-\pi$',r'$-\pi/2$',r'$0$',r'$+\pi/2$',r'$+\pi$'])
plt.yticks([-1,0,+1],[r'$-1$',r'$0$',r'$+1$'])
...
效果如下图所示
Moving spines
改变轴的边界，包括隐藏和移动
...
ax=plt.subplot(111)
ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('bottom')
ax.spines['bottom'].set_position(('data',0))
ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('left')
ax.spines['left'].set_position(('data',0))
...
效果如下图所示
Adding a legend
图例时必不可少的，可以很好的标识出图中信息，在plt.plot中加上label，然后plt.legend()
其中loc是代表图例所放的位置，frameon是代表图例是否需要边框
...
plt.plot(X,C,color='blue',linewidth=2.5,linestyle='-',label='cosine')
plt.plot(X,S,color='red',linewidth=2.5,linestyle='-',label='sine')
plt.legend(loc='upper left',frameon=False)
...
效果如下图所示
Annotate same points
有时候，我们需要标注一些点，可以使用plt.annotate，具体参数可以看源码
...
t=2*np.pi/3
plt.plot([t,t],[0,np.sin(t)],color='red',linewidth=1.5,linestyle='--')
plt.scatter([t,],[np.sin(t)],50,color='red')
plt.annotate(r'$sin\frac{2\pi}{3}=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$',xy=(t,np.sin(t)),
xytext=(+10,+30),xycoords='data',textcoords='offset points',
fontsize=16,arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->',connectionstyle='arc3,rad=.2'))
plt.plot([t,t],[0,np.cos(t)],color='blue',linewidth=1.5,linestyle='--')
plt.scatter([t,],[np.cos(t)],50,color='blue')
plt.annotate(r'$cos\frac{2\pi}{3}=-\frac{1}{2}$',xy=(t,np.cos(t)),
xytext=(-90,-50),xycoords='data',textcoords='offset points',
fontsize=16,arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle='->',connectionstyle='arc3,rad=.2'))
...
效果如下图所示
Devil is in the details
有点被遮挡的文字需要虚化，但尴尬的是高版本的matplotlib并没有生效
...
for label in ax.xticklabels()+ax.yticklabels():
label.fontsize(16)
label.set_bbox(dict(facecolor='white',edgecolor='none',alpha=0.5))
...
效果如下图所示
Figures, Subplots, Axes and Ticks
Figures
参数详情
num : integer or string, optional, default: none
If not provided, a new figure will be created, and the figure number
will be incremented. The figure objects holds this number in a `number`
attribute.
If num is provided, and a figure with this id already exists, make
it active, and returns a reference to it. If this figure does not
exists, create it and returns it.
If num is a string, the window title will be set to this figure's
`num`.
figsize : tuple of integers, optional, default: None
width, height in inches. If not provided, defaults to rc
figure.figsize.
dpi : integer, optional, default: None
resolution of the figure. If not provided, defaults to rc figure.dpi.
facecolor :
the background color. If not provided, defaults to rc figure.facecolor.
edgecolor :
the border color. If not provided, defaults to rc figure.edgecolor.
frameon : bool, optional, default: True
If False, suppress drawing the figure frame.
FigureClass : class derived from matplotlib.figure.Figure
Optionally use a custom Figure instance.
clear : bool, optional, default: False
If True and the figure already exists, then it is cleared.
注意
If you are creating many figures, make sure you explicitly call "close"
on the figures you are not using, because this will enable pylab
to properly clean up the memory.
rcParams defines the default values, which can be modified in the
matplotlibrc file
Subplots
Axes
Tick locators
Animation
使用animation实现动画效果，其他和普通作图类似，就是多了个update的操作
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
fig=plt.figure(figsize=(6,6),facecolor='white')
ax=fig.add_axes([0.005,0.005,.99,.99],frameon=True,aspect=1)
n=50
size_min=50
size_max=50*50
P=np.random.uniform(0,1,(n,2))
S=np.linspace(size_min,size_max,n)
C=np.zeros((n,4))
C[:,3] = np.linspace(0,1,n)
scat=ax.scatter(P[:,0],P[:,1],s=S,linewidths=0.5,edgecolors=C,facecolors='None')
ax.set_xlim(0,1),ax.set_ylim(0,1)
ax.set_xticks([]),ax.set_yticks([])
def update(frame):
global P,C,S
C[:,3]=np.maximum(0,C[:,3]-1/n)
S+=(size_max-size_min)/n
i=frame%50
P[i]=np.random.uniform(0,1,2)
S[i]=size_min
C[i,3]=1
scat.set_edgecolors(C)
scat.set_sizes(S)
scat.set_offsets(P)
return scat
animation=FuncAnimation(fig,update,interval=10)
plt.show()
效果如下图所示
